Correct answer: Liechtenstein.
The crown represents the principality's monarchy and the unity of its people with the ruling house.
Correct answer: North Macedonia.
Called the "new sun of liberty," this design was adopted in 1995 to settle a dispute over an earlier, different sun symbol.
Correct answer: San Marino.
One of the world's oldest surviving republics, its three towers stand on Monte Titano and its motto is simply "Libertas" — Liberty.
Correct answer: Romania.
Romania's and Chad's flags are nearly indistinguishable. Moldova's version adds a coat of arms in the centre.
Correct answer: Bulgaria.
White stands for peace, green for the country's fertile farmland, and red for the courage and blood of its people.
Correct answer: Hungary.
The colours are read as strength (red), faithfulness (white) and hope (green), and appear in Hungarian heraldry going back centuries.
Correct answer: Poland.
White over red comes from the country's medieval coat of arms: a white eagle on a red shield.
Correct answer: Russia.
The design is often traced to Tsar Peter the Great's fascination with Dutch ships; the colours are read as nobility, faithfulness and courage.
Correct answer: Malta.
King George VI awarded the George Cross to the entire population of Malta in 1942, honouring its endurance under relentless WWII bombing.
Correct answer: Albania.
The eagle is linked to the 15th-century hero Skanderbeg. Albanians call their homeland "Shqiperia," often translated as the Land of the Eagles.
Correct answer: Turkey.
The crescent and star began as an imperial and astronomical emblem and only later became widely associated with the Islamic world as a whole.
Correct answer: Greece.
The cry is "Eleftheria i thanatos" — "Freedom or Death" — from the war of independence against the Ottomans. The white cross honours Greek Orthodox Christianity.
Correct answer: Austria.
One of the oldest flags still in use, its design is traditionally dated to a blood-soaked siege during the Third Crusade.
Correct answer: Finland.
Blue stands for the country's thousands of lakes and the sky; white for the snow that blankets the land for much of the year.
Correct answer: Sweden.
The off-centre cross is shared by every Nordic flag. Sweden's blue and gold are drawn from its royal coat of arms.
Correct answer: Netherlands.
The orange — for the House of Orange — gradually shifted to red, which showed up better at sea. Luxembourg's near-identical flag uses a lighter blue.
Correct answer: Portugal.
The sphere recalls the Age of Discovery. The five small blue shields on the central arms are traditionally said to represent five Moorish kings defeated in a legendary battle.
Correct answer: Spain.
"Plus Ultra" — "further beyond" — defied the ancient warning that nothing lay past the Strait of Gibraltar, celebrating Spain's voyages into the New World.
Correct answer: Germany.
The colours echo the black coats with red facings and gold buttons of Napoleonic-era volunteer soldiers, later raised by the 1848 revolutionaries demanding a united, democratic Germany.
Correct answer: Peace between the two traditions.
Green stands for Gaelic and Catholic Ireland, orange for Protestant followers of William of Orange, and the white between them for a lasting peace.
Correct answer: Italy.
First adopted by a northern Italian republic in 1797, the colours are often read poetically as the green of the land, the white of the Alpine snow and the red of patriots' blood.
Correct answer: The French Revolution.
White was the royal colour of the Bourbon kings, placed between the red and blue of the city of Paris — the monarchy symbolically embraced by the people.
Correct answer: England, Scotland and Ireland.
Wales is not represented because it had already been united with England when the flag took shape. The red diagonal saltire stands for Ireland's Saint Patrick.
Correct answer: Vatican City.
The gold and silver keys represent the keys of Heaven entrusted to Saint Peter. With Switzerland, it is one of only two square national flags in the world.
Correct answer: Switzerland.
The only other square national flag belongs to Vatican City. Reversing Switzerland's colours — red on white instead of white on red — gives the emblem of the Red Cross, created in honour of the movement's Swiss founder.
Correct answer: Denmark.
Legend says it fell from the sky to rally Danish troops during a battle in Estonia in 1219. Its off-centre "Scandinavian cross" became the model for the flags of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.
Correct answer: Paraguay.
The front shows a yellow star inside a wreath; the reverse shows the treasury seal with a lion and the words "Paz y Justicia" (Peace and Justice). Nearly every other country in the world flies an identical design on both sides.
Correct answer: Belize.
The two men, one of African and one of Mestizo descent, flank the mahogany that built the colonial timber economy; the motto reads "Sub Umbra Floreo" ("Under the shade I flourish"), and the ring of 50 leaves marks 1950, when the independence movement began. It is also the only national flag whose central design is built around human figures.
Correct answer: South Africa.
It was designed in under a week and meant only as a temporary flag, but proved so popular it was kept. Officially no meaning is assigned to the individual colours — the converging Y is the whole message.
Correct answer: Hinomaru.
The red disc is the sun, apt for the "Land of the Rising Sun." Although the design is centuries old, Japan only made it the legally official national flag in 1999. (Kyokujitsu, the rising-sun rays, is the separate naval ensign.)
Correct answer: Cyprus.
The copper colour nods to the island's ancient copper mines — the very word "copper" comes from Cyprus — while the olive branches symbolise peace between its Greek and Turkish communities. Kosovo is the only other flag that maps itself.
Correct answer: 11.
The 11 points have no hidden meaning — that number simply stayed crispest and blurred least when a leaf was tested fluttering in the wind. The flag was adopted in 1965 after a fierce "Great Flag Debate" over dropping the British-based Red Ensign.
Correct answer: Rio de Janeiro.
The 27 stars — one for each state and the federal district — are placed as the sky looked over Rio at about 8:30 a.m. on 15 November 1889, drawn as if seen from outside the celestial sphere; the motto "Ordem e Progresso" was borrowed from the French philosopher Auguste Comte.
Correct answer: Bhutan.
The Druk, or Thunder Dragon, gives Bhutan its own name for itself — Druk Yul, "Land of the Thunder Dragon." The jewels in its claws mean wealth and its white colour means purity; the orange and yellow halves stand for Buddhism and the monarchy.
Correct answer: Mozambique.
The rifle and bayonet are crossed over a hoe and laid on an open book, standing for defence, agriculture and education; the gun dates from the 1975 independence struggle, and repeated proposals to remove it have failed.
Correct answer: The I Ching (Book of Changes).
The four trigrams stand for heaven, earth, water and fire and surround a red-and-blue taegeuk symbolising the balance of opposing forces — the emblem that gives the flag its name, Taegukgi.
Correct answer: Nepal.
Nepal's flag is two stacked triangular pennants evoking the Himalayas, and its exact shape is fixed by a step-by-step geometric construction written into the national constitution; the moon and sun were meant to express the hope that Nepal would last as long as they do.
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